@article {2431,
	title = {Physiological cerebrospinal fluid interactions between brain and eye structures are altered after long-duration spaceflight},
	journal = {Experimental Physiology},
	year = {2026},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.1113/EP093112},
	author = {Ge Tang and Steven Jillings and Ben Jeurissen and Elena Tomilovskaya and Inna Nosikova and Alexandra Riabova and Ekaterina V. Pechenkova and Petrovichev, Victor and Ilya Rukavishnikov and Stefan Sunaert and Paul M Parizel and Lyudmila Makovskaya and Valentin Sinitsyn and Jan Sijbers and Jitka Annen and Steven S L Laureys and Angelique Van Ombergen and Seyed-Ahmad Ahmadi and Floris L Wuyts and Peter zu Eulenburg}
}
@article {2270,
	title = {Prolonged microgravity induces reversible and persistent changes on human cerebral connectivity},
	journal = {Communications Biology},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-04382-w},
	author = {Steven Jillings and Ekaterina V. Pechenkova and Elena Tomilovskaya and Ilya Rukavishnikov and Ben Jeurissen and Angelique Van Ombergen and Nosikova, Inna and Alena Rumshiskaya and Liudmila Litvinova and Annen, Jitka and Chloe De Laet and Catho Schoenmaekers and Jan Sijbers and Petrovichev, Victor and Stefan Sunaert and Paul M Parizel and Valentin Sinitsyn and zu Eulenburg, P and Steven S L Laureys and Athena Demertzi and Floris L Wuyts}
}
@article {2216,
	title = {Brain Connectometry Changes in Space Travelers After Long-Duration Spaceflight},
	journal = {Front. Neural Circuits},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2022},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2022.815838},
	author = {Andrei Doroshin and Steven Jillings and Ben Jeurissen and Elena Tomilovskaya and Ekaterina V. Pechenkova and Nosikova, Inna and Alena Rumshiskaya and Liudmila Litvinova and Ilya Rukavishnikov and Chloe De Laet and Catho Schoenmaekers and Jan Sijbers and Steven S L Laureys and Petrovichev, Victor and Angelique Van Ombergen and Jitka Annen and Stefan Sunaert and Paul M Parizel and Valentin Sinitsyn and zu Eulenburg, Peter and Karol Osipowicz and Floris L Wuyts}
}
@article {2215,
	title = {The effect of prolonged Spaceflight on Cerebrospinal Fluid and Perivascular Spaces of Astronauts and Cosmonauts},
	journal = {PNAS},
	volume = {119},
	year = {2022},
	chapter = {e2120439119},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2120439119},
	author = {Giuseppe Barisano and Farshid Sepehrband and Heather R. Collins and Steven Jillings and Ben Jeurissen and Andrew J. Taylor and Catho Schoenmaekers and Chloe De Laet and Ilya Rukavishnikov and Inna Nosikova and Alena Rumshiskaya and Jitka Annen and Jan Sijbers and Steven S L Laureys and Angelique Van Ombergen and Petrovichev, Victor and Valentin Sinitsyn and Ekaterina V. Pechenkova and Alexey Grishin and Peter zu Eulenburg and Meng Law and Stefan Sunaert and Paul M. Parizel and Elena Tomilovskaya and Donna Roberts and Floris L Wuyts}
}
@conference {Jillings2020-nb,
	title = {Diffusion MRI reveals macro- and microstructural changes in cosmonauts{\textquoteright} brains after long-duration spaceflight},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4531},
	author = {Jillings, S and Angelique Van Ombergen and Tomilovskaya, E and Rumshiskaya, A and Litvinova, L and Nosikova, I and Pechenkova, E and Rukavishnikov, I and Kozlovskaya, I and Stefan Sunaert and Paul M Parizel and Valentin Sinitsyn and Petrovichev, V and Laureys, S and zu Eulenburg, P and Jan Sijbers and Floris L Wuyts and Ben Jeurissen}
}
@article {2074,
	title = {Macro- and microstructural changes in cosmonauts{\textquoteright} brains after long-duration spaceflight},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Apr-09-2020},
	pages = {eaaz9488},
	abstract = {Long-duration spaceflight causes widespread physiological changes, although its effect on brain structure remains poorly understood. In this work, we acquired diffusion magnetic resonance imaging to investigate alterations of white matter (WM), gray matter (GM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compositions in each voxel, before, shortly after, and 7 months after long-duration spaceflight. We found increased WM in the cerebellum after spaceflight, providing the first clear evidence of sensorimotor neuroplasticity. At the region of interest level, this increase persisted 7 months after return to Earth. We also observe a widespread redistribution of CSF, with concomitant changes in the voxel fractions of adjacent GM. We show that these GM changes are the result of morphological changes rather than net tissue loss, which remained unclear from previous studies. Our study provides evidence of spaceflight-induced neuroplasticity to adapt motor strategies in space and evidence of fluid shift{\textendash}induced mechanical changes in the brain.},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aaz9488},
	url = {https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/36/eaaz9488},
	author = {Jillings, Steven and Angelique Van Ombergen and Tomilovskaya, Elena and Rumshiskaya, Alena and Litvinova, Liudmila and Nosikova, Inna and Pechenkova, Ekaterina and Rukavishnikov, Ilya and Kozlovskaya, Inessa B. and Manko, Olga and Danilichev, Sergey and Stefan Sunaert and Paul M Parizel and Valentin Sinitsyn and Petrovichev, Victor and Laureys, Steven and zu Eulenburg, Peter and Jan Sijbers and Floris L Wuyts and Ben Jeurissen}
}
@article {1941,
	title = {Brain ventricular volume changes induced by long-duration spaceflight},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {10531-10536},
	abstract = {Long-duration spaceflight induces detrimental changes in human physiology due to microgravity. One example is a cephalic fluid shift. Here, we prospectively investigated the quantitative changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume of the brain ventricular regions in space crew by means of a region of interest, observer-independent analysis on structural brain MRI scans. MRI scans were collected before the mission, shortly after and 7 mo after return to Earth. We found a significant increase in lateral and third ventricles at postflight and a trend to normalization at follow-up, but still significantly increased ventricular volumes. The observed spatiotemporal pattern of CSF compartment enlargement and recovery points to a reduced CSF resorption in microgravity as the underlying cause.Long-duration spaceflight induces detrimental changes in human physiology. Its residual effects and mechanisms remain unclear. We prospectively investigated the changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume of the brain ventricular regions in space crew by means of a region of interest analysis on structural brain scans. Cosmonaut MRI data were investigated preflight (n = 11), postflight (n = 11), and at long-term follow-up 7 mo after landing (n = 7). Post hoc analyses revealed a significant difference between preflight and postflight values for all supratentorial ventricular structures, i.e., lateral ventricle (mean \% change {\textpm} SE = 13.3 {\textpm} 1.9), third ventricle (mean \% change {\textpm} SE = 10.4 {\textpm} 1.1), and the total ventricular volume (mean \% change {\textpm} SE = 11.6 {\textpm} 1.5) (all P \&lt; 0.0001), with higher volumes at postflight. At follow-up, these structures did not quite reach baseline levels, with still residual increases in volume for the lateral ventricle (mean \% change {\textpm} SE = 7.7 {\textpm} 1.6; P = 0.0009), the third ventricle (mean \% change {\textpm} SE = 4.7 {\textpm} 1.3; P = 0.0063), and the total ventricular volume (mean \% change {\textpm} SE = 6.4 {\textpm} 1.3; P = 0.0008). This spatiotemporal pattern of CSF compartment enlargement and recovery points to a reduced CSF resorption in microgravity as the underlying cause. Our results warrant more detailed and longer longitudinal follow-up. The clinical impact of our findings on the long-term cosmonauts{\textquoteright} health and their relation to ocular changes reported in space travelers requires further prospective studies.},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1820354116},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2019/05/01/1820354116},
	author = {Angelique Van Ombergen and Steven Jillings and Ben Jeurissen and Tomilovskaya, Elena and Alena Rumshiskaya and Liudmila Litvinova and Nosikova, Inna and Ekaterina V. Pechenkova and Ilya Rukavishnikov and Manko, Olga and Danylichev, Sergey and R{\"u}hl, R. Maxine and Inessa B. Kozlovskaya and Stefan Sunaert and Paul M Parizel and Valentin Sinitsyn and Steven S L Laureys and Jan Sijbers and zu Eulenburg, Peter and Floris L Wuyts}
}
@conference {Jillings2019-al,
	title = {Diffusion-weighted imaging reveals structural brain changes in cosmonauts after long-duration spaceflight},
	volume = {32 (Suppl. 1)},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {Magn Reson Mater Phy. 2019; 32(Suppl. 1):S101},
	author = {Jillings, S and Angelique Van Ombergen and Tomilovskaya, E and Laureys, S and zu Eulenburg, P and Stefan Sunaert and Jan Sijbers and Floris L Wuyts and Ben Jeurissen}
}
@article {1908,
	title = {Brain Tissue{\textendash}Volume Changes in Cosmonauts},
	journal = {New England Journal of Medicine},
	volume = {379},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1678 - 1680},
	issn = {0028-4793},
	doi = {10.1056/NEJMc1809011},
	url = {http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc1809011},
	author = {Angelique Van Ombergen and Steven Jillings and Ben Jeurissen and Tomilovskaya, Elena and R{\"u}hl, Maxine and Alena Rumshiskaya and Nosikova, Inna and Liudmila Litvinova and Annen, Jitka and Ekaterina V. Pechenkova and Inessa B. Kozlovskaya and Stefan Sunaert and Paul M Parizel and Valentin Sinitsyn and Steven S L Laureys and Jan Sijbers and zu Eulenburg, Peter and Floris L Wuyts}
}
@conference {1949,
	title = {Changes in intrinsic functional brain connectivity after first-time exposure to parabolic flight},
	year = {2018},
	doi = {10.3389/conf.fphys.2018.26.00017},
	author = {Angelique Van Ombergen and Floris L Wuyts and Ben Jeurissen and Jan Sijbers and Floris Vanhevel and Steven Jillings and Paul M Parizel and Stefan Sunaert and Paul H Van de Heyning and Vincent Dousset and Steven S L Laureys and Athena Demertzi}
}
@article {1752,
	title = {Altered functional brain connectivity in patients with visually induced dizziness},
	journal = {NeuroImage: Clinical},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {538{\textendash}545},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2017.02.020},
	author = {Angelique Van Ombergen and Lizette Heine and Steven Jillings and Edward Roberts and Ben Jeurissen and V. Van Rompaey and Viviana Mucci and Stefanie Vanhecke and Jan Sijbers and Floris Vanhevel and Stefan Sunaert and Mohamed Ali Bahri and Paul M Parizel and Paul H Van de Heyning and Steven S L Laureys and Floris L Wuyts}
}
@article {1756,
	title = {The effect of spaceflight and microgravity on the human brain},
	journal = {Journal of Neurology},
	volume = {246},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {18-22},
	doi = {10.1007/s00415-017-8427-x},
	author = {Angelique Van Ombergen and Athena Demertzi and Elena Tomilovskaya and Ben Jeurissen and Jan Sijbers and Inessa B. Kozlovskaya and Paul M Parizel and Paul H Van de Heyning and Stefan Sunaert and Steven S L Laureys and Floris L Wuyts}
}
@article {1762,
	title = {Intrinsic connectivity reduces in vestibular-related regions after first-time exposure to short-term gravitational alterations},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-03170-5},
	author = {Angelique Van Ombergen and Floris L Wuyts and Ben Jeurissen and Jan Sijbers and Floris Vanhevel and Steven Jillings and Paul M Parizel and Stefan Sunaert and Paul H Van de Heyning and Vincent Dousset and Steven S L Laureys and Athena Demertzi}
}
@article {1584,
	title = {Cortical reorganization in an astronaut{\textquoteright}s brain after long-duration spaceflight},
	journal = {Brain Structure and Function},
	volume = {221},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {2873{\textendash}2876},
	doi = {10.1007/s00429-015-1054-3},
	author = {Athena Demertzi and Angelique Van Ombergen and Elena Tomilovskaya and Ben Jeurissen and Ekaterina V. Pechenkova and Carol Di Perri and Liudmila Litvinova and Enrico Amico and Alena Rumshiskaya and Ilya Rukavishnikov and Jan Sijbers and Valentin Sinitsyn and Inessa B. Kozlovskaya and Stefan Sunaert and Paul M Parizel and Paul H Van de Heyning and Steven S L Laureys and Floris L Wuyts}
}
@article {1369,
	title = {Comprehensive framework for accurate diffusion MRI parameter estimation},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {972-984},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.24529},
	author = {Jelle Veraart and Jeny Rajan and Ron R Peeters and Alexander Leemans and Stefan Sunaert and Jan Sijbers}
}
@article {1361,
	title = {Does the use of hormonal contraceptives cause microstructural changes in cerebral white matter? Preliminary results of a DTI and tractography study.},
	journal = {European radiology},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2013},
	month = {2012 Jul 20},
	pages = {57-64},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of monophasic combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) and menstrual cycle phase in healthy young women on white matter (WM) organization using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). METHODS: Thirty young women were included in the study; 15 women used COCP and 15 women had a natural cycle. All subjects underwent DTI magnetic resonance imaging during the follicular and luteal phase of their cycle, or in different COCP cycle phases. DTI parameters were obtained in different WM structures by performing diffusion tensor fibre tractography. Fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity were calculated for different WM structures. Hormonal plasma concentrations were measured in peripheral venous blood samples and correlated with the DTI findings. RESULTS: We found a significant difference in mean diffusivity in the fornix between the COCP and the natural cycle group. Mean diffusivity values in the fornix were negatively correlated with luteinizing hormone and estradiol blood concentrations. CONCLUSION: An important part in the limbic system, the fornix, regulates emotional processes. Differences in diffusion parameters in the fornix may contribute to behavioural alternations related to COCP use. This finding also suggests that the use of oral contraceptives needs to be taken into account when designing DTI group studies. KEY POINTS: {\textbullet} Diffusion tensor MRI offers new insights into brain white matter microstructure. {\textbullet} The effects of oral hormonal contraception were examined in young women. {\textbullet} Diffusion tensor images and hormone blood concentrations were evaluated. {\textbullet} Women using hormonal contraception demonstrated higher mean diffusivity in the fornix. {\textbullet} These changes may contribute to behavioural alternations related to contraception use.},
	issn = {1432-1084},
	doi = {10.1007/s00330-012-2572-5},
	author = {De Bondt, Timo and Wim Van Hecke and Jelle Veraart and Alexander Leemans and Jan Sijbers and Stefan Sunaert and Jacquemyn, Yves and Paul M Parizel}
}
@article {1368,
	title = {Limbic and callosal white matter changes in euthymic bipolar I disorder: an advanced diffusion MRI tractography study},
	journal = {Biologicial Psychiatry},
	volume = {73},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {194-201},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.09.023},
	author = {Louise Emsell and Alexander Leemans and Camilla Langan and Wim Van Hecke and Gareth J. Barker and Peter McCarthy and Ben Jeurissen and Jan Sijbers and Stefan Sunaert and Dara M. Cannon and Colm McDonald}
}
@article {1470,
	title = {Regional gray matter volume differences and sex-hormone correlations as a function of menstrual cycle phase and hormonal contraceptives use.},
	journal = {Brain research},
	volume = {1530},
	year = {2013},
	month = {2013 Sep 12},
	pages = {22-31},
	abstract = {During the menstrual cycle, hormone-driven functional and morphological changes occur in the female brain. The influence of hormonal contraceptives on these changes has received only little attention in the medical literature. The purpose of our study is to measure regional gray matter volume changes as a function of the cycle phase and use of hormonal contraceptives, in relation to blood concentrations of sex hormones. We performed a prospective study in 30 healthy young women; 15 women had a natural menstrual cycle and 15 were using monophasic combined hormonal contraceptives. MRI examinations were acquired at 2 specific time-points in the cycle (follicular and luteal phase). MRI studies included a T1-weighted, isotropic, high-resolution 3-D gradient echo acquisition, for the purpose of performing voxel based morphometry. Peripheral venous blood samples were obtained to determine concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol, and progesterone. We found a highly significant negative correlation of regional gray matter volume in the anterior cingulate cortex with estradiol concentrations. To the best of our knowledge, this result has not been described before, and was only present in the natural cycle group, not in women using hormonal contraceptives. The anterior cingulate cortex is involved in emotion processing and there is literature describing behavioral alternations with changing hormone levels. Our findings provide a structural, morphological basis to support these data. Therefore, we advise neuroscientists to take into account the menstrual cycle phase and use of hormonal contraceptives, in order to avoid obtaining heterogeneous data sets, leading to a significant loss of accuracy and precision.},
	issn = {1872-6240},
	doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.034},
	author = {De Bondt, Timo and Jacquemyn, Y and Wim Van Hecke and Jan Sijbers and Stefan Sunaert and Paul M Parizel}
}
@article {1397,
	title = {Weighted linear least squares estimation of diffusion MRI parameters: Strengths, limitations, and pitfalls.},
	journal = {NeuroImage},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2013},
	month = {2013 May 16},
	pages = {335-346},
	abstract = {PURPOSE: Linear least squares estimators are widely used in diffusion MRI for the estimation of diffusion parameters. Although adding proper weights is necessary to increase the precision of these linear estimators, there is no consensus on how to practically define them. In this study, the impact of the commonly used weighting strategies on the accuracy and precision of linear diffusion parameter estimators is evaluated and compared with the nonlinear least squares estimation approach. METHODS: Simulation and real data experiments were done to study the performance of the weighted linear least squares estimators with weights defined by (a) the squares of the respective noisy diffusion-weighted signals; and (b) the squares of the predicted signals, which are reconstructed from a previous estimate of the diffusion model parameters. RESULTS: The negative effect of weighting strategy (a) on the accuracy of the estimator was surprisingly high. Multi-step weighting strategies yield better performance and, in some cases, even outperformed the nonlinear least squares estimator. CONCLUSION: If proper weighting strategies are applied, the weighted linear least squares approach shows high performance characteristics in terms of accuracy/precision and may even be preferred over nonlinear estimation methods.},
	issn = {1095-9572},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.028},
	author = {Jelle Veraart and Jan Sijbers and Stefan Sunaert and Alexander Leemans and Ben Jeurissen}
}
@conference {1558,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}The weighted linear least squares for estimating diffusion (kurtosis) tensors: Revisited},
	year = {2013},
	address = {Podstrana, Croatia},
	author = {Jelle Veraart and Jan Sijbers and Stefan Sunaert and Alexander Leemans and Ben Jeurissen}
}
@article {1304,
	title = {Diffusion kurtosis imaging in the grading of gliomas},
	journal = {Radiology},
	volume = {2},
	number = {263},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {492-501},
	doi = {10.1148/radiol.12110927},
	author = {Van Cauter, Sofie and Jelle Veraart and Jan Sijbers and Ron R Peeters and U. Himmelreich and S. Van Gool and Van Calenbergh, F. and De Vleeschouwer, S. and Wim Van Hecke and Stefan Sunaert}
}
@article {wvheckealeemansC.jveraartjsijbersS.2011,
	title = {The effect of template selection on diffusion tensor voxel based analysis results},
	journal = {NeuroImage},
	volume = {55},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {566-573},
	author = {Wim Van Hecke and Alexander Leemans and Caroline A Sage and Jelle Veraart and Jan Sijbers and Stefan Sunaert}
}
@inproceedings {1942,
	title = {Feasibility and advantages of diffusion weighted imaging atlas construction in Q-space},
	booktitle = {MICCAI 2011: Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {166-173},
	author = {Thijs Dhollander and Jelle Veraart and Wim Van Hecke and F. Maes and Stefan Sunaert and Jan Sijbers and Paul Suetens}
}
@article {1374,
	title = {Quantitative diffusion tensor imaging in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: revisited.},
	journal = {Human brain mapping},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009 Nov},
	pages = {3657-75},
	abstract = {Voxel-based analyses (VBA) are increasingly being used to detect white matter abnormalities with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in different types of pathologies. However, the validity, specificity, and sensitivity of statistical inferences of group differences to a large extent depend on the quality of the spatial normalization of the DTI images. Using high-dimensional nonrigid coregistration techniques that are able to align both the spatial and orientational diffusion information and incorporate appropriate templates that contain this complete DT information may improve this quality. Alternatively, a hybrid technique such as tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) may improve the reliability of the statistical results by generating voxel-wise statistics without the need for perfect image alignment and spatial smoothing. In this study, we have used (1) a coregistration algorithm that was optimized for coregistration of DTI data and (2) a population-based DTI atlas to reanalyze our previously published VBA, which compared the fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity maps of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with those of healthy controls. Additionally, we performed a complementary TBSS analysis to improve our understanding and interpretation of the VBA results. We demonstrate that, as the overall variance of the diffusion properties is lowered after normalizing the DTI data with such recently developed techniques (VBA using our own optimized high-dimensional nonrigid coregistration and TBSS), more reliable voxel-wise statistical results can be obtained than had previously been possible, with our VBA and TBSS yielding very similar results. This study provides support for the view of ALS as a multisystem disease, in which the entire frontotemporal lobe is implicated.},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Algorithms, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, anisotropy, Brain, Brain Mapping, Case-Control Studies, diffusion tensor imaging, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Middle Aged, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Statistics as Topic},
	issn = {1097-0193},
	doi = {10.1002/hbm.20794},
	author = {Caroline A Sage and Wim Van Hecke and Ron R Peeters and Jan Sijbers and Robberecht, Wim and Paul M Parizel and Marchal, Guy and Alexander Leemans and Stefan Sunaert}
}
