@article {1941, title = {Brain ventricular volume changes induced by long-duration spaceflight}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, volume = {116}, year = {2019}, pages = {10531-10536}, abstract = {Long-duration spaceflight induces detrimental changes in human physiology due to microgravity. One example is a cephalic fluid shift. Here, we prospectively investigated the quantitative changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume of the brain ventricular regions in space crew by means of a region of interest, observer-independent analysis on structural brain MRI scans. MRI scans were collected before the mission, shortly after and 7 mo after return to Earth. We found a significant increase in lateral and third ventricles at postflight and a trend to normalization at follow-up, but still significantly increased ventricular volumes. The observed spatiotemporal pattern of CSF compartment enlargement and recovery points to a reduced CSF resorption in microgravity as the underlying cause.Long-duration spaceflight induces detrimental changes in human physiology. Its residual effects and mechanisms remain unclear. We prospectively investigated the changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume of the brain ventricular regions in space crew by means of a region of interest analysis on structural brain scans. Cosmonaut MRI data were investigated preflight (n = 11), postflight (n = 11), and at long-term follow-up 7 mo after landing (n = 7). Post hoc analyses revealed a significant difference between preflight and postflight values for all supratentorial ventricular structures, i.e., lateral ventricle (mean \% change {\textpm} SE = 13.3 {\textpm} 1.9), third ventricle (mean \% change {\textpm} SE = 10.4 {\textpm} 1.1), and the total ventricular volume (mean \% change {\textpm} SE = 11.6 {\textpm} 1.5) (all P \< 0.0001), with higher volumes at postflight. At follow-up, these structures did not quite reach baseline levels, with still residual increases in volume for the lateral ventricle (mean \% change {\textpm} SE = 7.7 {\textpm} 1.6; P = 0.0009), the third ventricle (mean \% change {\textpm} SE = 4.7 {\textpm} 1.3; P = 0.0063), and the total ventricular volume (mean \% change {\textpm} SE = 6.4 {\textpm} 1.3; P = 0.0008). This spatiotemporal pattern of CSF compartment enlargement and recovery points to a reduced CSF resorption in microgravity as the underlying cause. Our results warrant more detailed and longer longitudinal follow-up. The clinical impact of our findings on the long-term cosmonauts{\textquoteright} health and their relation to ocular changes reported in space travelers requires further prospective studies.}, issn = {0027-8424}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1820354116}, url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2019/05/01/1820354116}, author = {Angelique Van Ombergen and Steven Jillings and Ben Jeurissen and Tomilovskaya, Elena and Alena Rumshiskaya and Liudmila Litvinova and Nosikova, Inna and Ekaterina V. Pechenkova and Ilya Rukavishnikov and Manko, Olga and Danylichev, Sergey and R{\"u}hl, R. Maxine and Inessa B. Kozlovskaya and Stefan Sunaert and Paul M Parizel and Valentin Sinitsyn and Steven S L Laureys and Jan Sijbers and zu Eulenburg, Peter and Floris L Wuyts} } @article {1908, title = {Brain Tissue{\textendash}Volume Changes in Cosmonauts}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {379}, year = {2018}, pages = {1678 - 1680}, issn = {0028-4793}, doi = {10.1056/NEJMc1809011}, url = {http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc1809011}, author = {Angelique Van Ombergen and Steven Jillings and Ben Jeurissen and Tomilovskaya, Elena and R{\"u}hl, Maxine and Alena Rumshiskaya and Nosikova, Inna and Liudmila Litvinova and Annen, Jitka and Ekaterina V. Pechenkova and Inessa B. Kozlovskaya and Stefan Sunaert and Paul M Parizel and Valentin Sinitsyn and Steven S L Laureys and Jan Sijbers and zu Eulenburg, Peter and Floris L Wuyts} } @article {1756, title = {The effect of spaceflight and microgravity on the human brain}, journal = {Journal of Neurology}, volume = {246}, year = {2017}, pages = {18-22}, doi = {10.1007/s00415-017-8427-x}, author = {Angelique Van Ombergen and Athena Demertzi and Elena Tomilovskaya and Ben Jeurissen and Jan Sijbers and Inessa B. Kozlovskaya and Paul M Parizel and Paul H Van de Heyning and Stefan Sunaert and Steven S L Laureys and Floris L Wuyts} } @article {1584, title = {Cortical reorganization in an astronaut{\textquoteright}s brain after long-duration spaceflight}, journal = {Brain Structure and Function}, volume = {221}, year = {2016}, pages = {2873{\textendash}2876}, doi = {10.1007/s00429-015-1054-3}, author = {Athena Demertzi and Angelique Van Ombergen and Elena Tomilovskaya and Ben Jeurissen and Ekaterina V. Pechenkova and Carol Di Perri and Liudmila Litvinova and Enrico Amico and Alena Rumshiskaya and Ilya Rukavishnikov and Jan Sijbers and Valentin Sinitsyn and Inessa B. Kozlovskaya and Stefan Sunaert and Paul M Parizel and Paul H Van de Heyning and Steven S L Laureys and Floris L Wuyts} }